In the field of genomics, including cellular biology and molecular biology, cloning is possible. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is manufactured, and genetic engineering takes place. Genetic engineering is the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce desired results.
Recombinant DNA is commonly known as cloned DNA. It is a copy of the backbone of who we are as human beings.
Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Human genetics teaches, and the Watson-Crick team found, that there is a repeating sugar-phosphate-nucleotide base structure. These sequences make up a map of who we are as individuals.
If we were using a "genetic copy machine", recombinant DNA would be the ink.
Biologically active DNA, in use experimentally since 1977, forms by the individual joining of segments of DNA. It includes the recombination joint edge of a heteroduplex duplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.
Recombinant DNA is also called cloned DNA. This rDNA biotechnology produces many copies of a single fragment of DNA. A single fragment of DNA is a gene which creates identical copies that constitute a DNA clone.
In DNA cloning, a DNA fragment is inserted into a small DNA molecule. This allows a molecule to replicate inside a simple living cell, such as bacteria. Once the molecule begins replicating it is called a DNA vector/carrier. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that originated from bacteria, viruses, and yeast cells. Plasmids can carry genes that provide the host cell, the cell where the original DNA fragment was inserted, with useful property. cellular improvements are made. Some examples are drug resistance, mating ability, toxic production, etc. Plasmids, in the lab, are great because they are small enough to be manipulated, and they will carry out splicing.
Recombinant DNA has many uses as of 2016. It is used in research and biotechnology. It is also used in over-the-counter medicine, as well as prescription medicine. Using rDNA for positive purposes has become a huge market. There are stacks of applications.
Chymosin rDNA is commonly referred to as rennin. The stomach of a cow naturally produces this enzyme. Since 1990, it has been considerably cheaper to clone chymosin.
"Chymosin splits the casein protein of milk at a specific point and thereby effects clotting. Casein clumps together to form curd and separates from the watery whey. Subsequently, the ripening process of cheese may begin."(http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/rennin.html)
Golden rice has been bioengineered with beta-carotene. It also has the potential to reduce the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency worldwide.
Beta-carotene is a carotenoid, antioxidant, that protects cells from damage. Beta-carotene naturally occurs in carrots, fruits, sweet potatoes, spinach, kale, squash, and fresh fruit.
Insulin is the product of rDNA engineering, too. Insulin is the medication injected by diabetics which regulates glucose uptake in the blood stream. Recombinant DNA human insulin is spawned from humans. The pharm industry has been ecstatic about it.
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. Glucose, with the help of insulin, is able to be absorbed into the body.
Type 1 diabetics have damaged beta cells in their pancreas. They require "sugar".
Type 2 diabetics conditions aren't as extreme. They will perform well with oral medications, simple diets, and exercise.
Biotechnology, and rDNA have made many advances including: recombinant blood clotting factor 8, recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, herbicide-resistant /insect-resistant crops, and others.
Proteins were first bioengineered as recombinant proteins in 1986.
Recombinant human growth hormone (HGH) is used to support normal growth and development for patients with malfunctions in the pituitary gland. This offers a noticeable benefit when contrasted to previously used methods of obtaining the hormone.
Human growth hormone was developed in 1985 and approved by the FDA.
Vaccines are the result of rDNA technology, too. Vaccines are r-vectors. They encode antigens. These disease fighting antigens are introduced into the host cell. The host cell, in turn, introduces the antigen to the immune system.
With the vector, there isn't a need for formulations, or delivery agents. The plasmid functions via buffer, and saline solution. These were established in 1997.
"DNA cloning/rDNA technology is moving towards synthetic biology techniques. These advances should enable faster DNA construction of the DNA clones. There will be drastic changes in the production of gene therapy vectors, recombinant protein production processes, and new vaccines."(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68019444)
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) involves the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce desired results. The technology has developed in small amounts over time, but it has a wide array of possibilities.
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