Global corporations and businesses

A global corporation is a multinational enterprise or multinational corporation with extensive operations in multiple foreign countries (https://books.google.com/books?id=rk4xL2XNrocC&pg=PR25&lpg=PR25&dq=management+schermerhorn+11&source=bl&ots=qHx9ciWGF9&sig=SbeMzyy-AxqPTSxicYMlUzbb2KY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNjrrLpNnTAhVkzlQKHaWYC8MQ6AEIRjAE#v=onepage&q=management%20schermerhorn%2011&f=false).

Global businesses are under global management.  There is no room for errors. Bad business is challenged by bad press, public criticism, damaged reputation, and consumer defections.  As we delve deeper into globalization, interdependence among elements stemming from all over the world, we have to accurately reference the global economy.  Once there is an accurate interpretation of the global economy, goals can be easily achieved. Currently, China has quite a few astonishing numbers in the global economy.

China Global Manufacturing Exports:

-70% worlds' umbrellas

-60% worlds' buttons

-72% United States' shoes

-50% United States' appliances

-80% United States' toys

Why pursue international business?  Great question.

-Profits- global operations offer new and greater profit potential.

-Customers - global operations offer new markets to sell products.

-Suppliers - operations offer access to new products and services.

-Capital - global operations offer access to financial resources.

-Labor - global operations offer access to lower labor costs.

-Risk - global operations spread assets among multiple countries.

G.E. and Exxon Mobil are global and recognized as transnational corporations. Transnational corporations operate globally without a strong national identity, and with a worldwide mission.  Global corporations can benefit host countries by offering broader tax bases, new technologies, and employment opportunities.

The size and presence of the GCs can work in the negative direction, too.  GCs can cause problems for host countries if they interfere in local government, extract excessive profits, and dominate the local economy.   There are also laws against GC economic interference. The US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits American multinational corporations from engaging in bribery and corrupt practices abroad.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is the jewel in the crown of America’s fight against international business bribes and corporate favors. The FCP Act intended to promote American business and foreign-policy ideals around the world, and give US companies a tool to battle corruption abroad.  It has also helped other countries crack down on bribery, and has extracted billions of dollars in fines (https://qz.com/927217/one-of-the-worlds-best-weapons-against-bribery-and-corruption-is-under-threat-from-trump/)

Nike had its brand image hugely damaged through utilizing "sweat shops" and low wage workers in developing countries. Maintaining the highest ethical standards while operating in developing countries is an important consideration for all GCs.  These accusations began in the 70's, and continued on.  In 2005, Nike became the first in it's industry to publish a complete list of the factories it contracts with.  Nike continues to post its commitments, standards, and audit data as part of it's corporate social responsibility reports (http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5).

Although they're humongous, GCs can be controlled.  Fortune magazine ranks these GCs on the Global 500 list.

Global 500 Top Ten: (http://fortune.com/global500/2015/)

The Global 500 companies on this list are ranked, via fortune.com, by total revenues for their respective fiscal years ended on or before March 31, 2015. All companies on the list must publish financial data and report part or all of their figures to a government agency.

Walmart- Bentonville, Arkansas

Sinopec Group- Beijing, China

Royal Dutch Shell- The Hague, Netherlands

China National Petroleum- Beijing, China

Exxon Mobil- Irving, Texas

British Petroleum (BP)- London, Britain

State Grid- Beijing, China

Volkswagon- Wolfsburg, Germany

Toyota motor- Toyota, Japan

Glencore - Baar, Switzerland

A global corporation, also called a multinational company, is a business that operates in two or more countries.

Keeping a strong body healthy

The proper function of proteins in the body is very essential to health.  The proteins also have to have a functional structure and cellular integrity.  Getting old keeps humans from being young and healthy, obviously.  Our body ages because various organisms are always subject to attack causing diseases and viruses.  Disease causing agents are termed pathogens.  Pathogens will penetrate the protective layer, the skin, and then move on towards the first line of defense.  Mucous membranes are the first line of defense.  Once the pathogens break through the mucous membranes they are labeled foreign invaders and will subsequently be destroyed by the immune system.

The human body is a model for a city that is always at war.  If the city isn’t reconstructed it will crumble.  What types of defense will a city utilize in the midst of a war?

The human body has two types of immunity:

                -Cellular immunity and humoral immunity

Coming straight out of the bone marrow we introduce antibody.  Antibodies are proteins that are mediated against viral attacks.  “The immune response is triggered by the presence of a foreign macromolecule, often a protein or carbohydrate, known as an antigen” (Voet, Fundamentals of Biochemistry 2006).  B cells produce antibodies, which as we recently said, mature in the bone marrow.  Pay attention to B cells.  B cells flaunt immunoglobulins on their exteriors.  Immunoglobulins snatch foreign invaders, and lock them in the B cells where they are broken and degraded.  The broken antigen is then placed on display.  The circulating antibodies become antigen specific.  The antibodies fluidly mark antigens for destruction.  Some B cells are short-lived.  They survive for a couple of days.  Some B cells live from many weeks to many years.  These potent B cells are called memory B cells. 

“…tolerance…”

Memory B cells mount a secondary response.  This response is more accurate and much faster than the primary response mentioned earlier.

“…sensitivity…”

The immunoglobulins themselves also create a diverse group of proteins.  The differences between the sub classes of immunoglobulins are: different amounts of heavy chains, and various subunits.  “These subunits associate by disulfide bonds and noncovalent interactions to form a roughly Y-shaped symmetric molecule with the formula (LH)₂” (Voet, Fundamentals of Biochemistry 2006).  We have: IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, and IgD.  We can use an example in accordance with Rheumatology International journal (Novel mutations of MVK gene in Japanese family members affected with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome, Mizuno 2011).  IgD expression begins when the B cell leaves the bone marrow headed to peripheral lymphoid tissues.  IgD functions to signal B cell activation.  When IgD is unavailable, at abnormally low serum levels, HIDs (hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome) results.

The proper functioning of proteins such as IgD keeps humans healthy.  If IgD does its job acceptably,  by activating  B cells to destroy antigens, the primary and secondary defenses will keep us healthy.  We will continue to get old.  We don’t have to be undesirably broken down and unhealthy, though.