Short Run Earnings: How to Calculate Total Revenue

Short run earnings AP Microeconomics
Short-Run Supply


          "Revenue is the amount of money a company receives in exchange for its goods and services or conversely, what a customer pays a company for its goods or services. The revenue received by a company is usually listed on the first line of the income statement as revenue, sales, net sales, or net revenue." Investopedia.com


     The bottom line is net income.  How is a company functioning?  Is it well?  How are the earnings? 

     Revenue analysis determines how well marketing strategies are working.  Revenue calculations demonstrate price changes affecting the demand for the product, and a multitude of other insights.

     Determine the consumers' product demand.  Determine the production costs.

     Profits are total revenues minus total costs.

     Objective:
     Calculate the amount of output to supply in order to maximize profits.

     Based on a perfectly competitive market: 

     Total Revenue (TR)-
     P x Q


          Ex.  If P = $10, and Q = 2, then

          Total Revenue = P x Q
          Total Revenue = $10 x 2
          Total Revenue = $20


     Marginal Revenue (MR)-
     TR changes in response to a 1-unit change in the firm's output. Perfectly competitive market.  Increase output by 1 unit, it
increases TR by P × 1 = P 

     MR is equal to the market price, P.


     Short‐run profit maximization:
     -maximize profits (marginal revenue equals its marginal cost)

     -marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost (greater profits by increasing output)

     -marginal revenue is below marginal cost (losing money, must reduce output)



          Ex. What is the result of a product price increase on the elastic portion of a demand curve?

          -An increase in total revenue.
          -A decrease in quantity demanded.
          -Movement toward a portion of the demand curve that is more elastic.

          On the elastic portion of the demand curve an increase in price will increase total revenue.  The price effect is greater than the quantity effect.  Quantity will still decrease.



     Calculating revenue is easy. Revenue analysis is extremely valuable. Accountants manipulate the numbers according to statement comprehension.

p53 Tumor Suppressor

     P53 defined (Medline Plus). 

     P53 is a gene that makes a protein found inside the nucleus of cells.   It controls cell division and cell death.  Its molecular mass is in the 53 kilodaltons.  It's found on the seventh chromosome, 17p.

     A mutated p53 gene causes cancer cells to grow in the body.  A mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. 

     The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene. This tumor suppressor gene is also called TP53 gene and tumor protein p53 gene.

     All cells have a nucleus, therefore p53 is found throughout the body.  It has an important duty.  In the immune system, lymph nodes defend against contaminations of our cellular processes.  P53 is the backup.  It destroys cancers and precancers.

     Cellular stress activated p53 can implement DNA repair, stop cell division, and start apoptosis.  Cellular stressors include extreme temperatures, toxic exposure, mechanism damage, and some viral infections.  P53 has a full schedule.  There are major problems when p53 isn't working.

     Mutations are pushed into action in the absence of p53.  Cancers proliferate.  Cancer cells can spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

     This tumor suppressor is a very popular research topic.  P53 related cancers are difficult to treat. Chemotherapy uses chemical agents to stop cancer cells from growing. Chemotherapy won't destroy them.  Immunotherapy uses the power of the body’s own immune system to prevent, control, and eliminate cancer.  Immunotherapy won't destroy them. (cancer.org)

     MDM2 is a regulatory protein that binds inactive p53. MDM2 is a transcriptional target. p53 binds the first intron of the MDM2 gene to transcriptionally induce the expression of MDM2. This is an auto-regulatory negative feedback loop with MDM2.  When cellular stress is present, MDM2 releases p53.  The tumor suppressor places the nucleus under siege.

     The tetramer binds the required DNA sequences. P53 is a phosphoprotein.  It is 393 amino acids.  Each domain has a job.  It can either: activate transcription,  find the recognizable sequences, start protein tetramerization, or sort the damaged base pairs.  (nature.com)

     P53 could pause cell division.  Repair insues.  Cell death can take place, also.  50% of all human tumors contain p53 mutants.  Mutant p53 proteins not only lose their tumor suppressive activities but often gain additional oncogenic functions that endow cells with growth and survival advantages.

     Unchecked cells give rise to tumor growth.  TP53 gene mutation leads to misfolded proteins.  An overpopulated presence of MDM2 deactivates p53.

     Research is finding ways to overcome, though.  There are therapies that reactivate p53.  There are drugs looking to take part in the war on cancer.  

     Chemotherapy added to immunotherapy makes up combination therapy.  This is powerful.  It's not a permanent solution, yet.

     P53 is a tumor suppressor.  

          "A tumor suppressor gene directs the production of a protein that is part of the system that regulates cell division. The tumor suppressor protein plays a role in keeping cell division in check." (Genome)

Bitcoin Outlook 2022

          "On 3 January 2009, the Bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins. Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text: The Times Jan/03/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks." (wikipedia)

     Bitcoin prices are tempting to assess.  Cryptocurrency is a volatile investment.  

     Quad-annually, “the halving,” where the supply of new crypto coins rewarded to miners gets cut in half, is up for debate.  Thus far, this has occurred in 2012, 2016,  and 2020.  In comparison to stock investment peaks and troughs, now is the time to invest.

     Blockchain led us into the cryptocurrency generation.  Bitcoin started off at $0.  Now, moving into 2022, Bitcoin is worth $41,730.60.  

     There's a new demand for old coins.  

     There's an overwhelmingly positive performance of Bitcoin.  It's an amazing currency, and a great purchase. We know this rollercoaster ride won't last.  It's not over, yet.

     Why is Bitcoin so outstanding?

     Trading Bitcoin is easy. Liquidity. Bitcoin is a priority for lots of advanced platforms.  Exchanges are making room for BTC.  Online brokerages are at attention.  Cash conversion transactions are quick.  Currency transfers are available. Profitability + liquidity.  Market demand has them in the short term and long term brackets to outrun the competition.

     Inflation is upon us.  Cryptocurrency is close to achieving herd immunity from inflation. BTC has a low risk of inflation. BTC is currently going through government scrutiny.  Governments will produce there own versions.  The blockchain system expands infinitely.

     Bitcoin provides investors with new opportunity.  The entire cryptocurrency outlook hasn't been among us that long.  Patterns are completely evolving.  New coins are becoming mainstream, daily.  All of the volatility involved constructs a pathway for huge gains.

     Trading is excessively convenient.  The term is minimalistic trading.  Unlike stock trading, no license or certificate is required.  It is convenient to enable buying and selling, on a whim.  The trade is instant.  Stock trades take days.

          "30% of small business merchants in the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore and Brazil plan to offer customers the option to pay using cryptocurrency in the coming months. Digital currencies have taken off in each of those jurisdictions.  19% of small businesses in the United States, and 8% in Canada expect to offer cryptocurrency as a payment option in 2022." (Reuters)

     United States cryptocurrency regulations are on the horizon.  These regulations, once imposed, should strengthen the ecosystem and boost investor confidence. As of February 2022, the U.S. President administration has been preparing an executive order concerning cryptocurrencies.  The Feds wish to upskill agencies and departments with a coordinated policy response.  There is an accent on maintaining U.S. global leadership.  The Feds are raising the digital currency, CBDC, Central Bank Digital Currency.

     Bitcoin is decentralized.  Anonymous transactions. CBDC is controlled by a central bank.  The central bank will have a record of users and their transactions.

          "It is a good time to look for some opportunities, some of which are trading at a substantial discount to where they were just a few weeks ago." (nasdaq)

     Crypto: BTC, "Bitcoin is an innovative payment network and a new kind of money." (bitcoin.org)

     Volatility vaporization.  The outlook on Bitcoin investments for 2022 is nice.

Blog Jokes

Genius Teenager:  

"I failed my biology test. I mislabeled every body part but one."

Genius Dad:  

"At least your heart was in the right place."

Economic Launch to Space

     The EARTH has been completely colonized since long, long ago.  Colonies translate into economies.  Space economy.  The first step will include a space colony.

     "The exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind."

(ifrc.org)

     Humanity has explored in a 360° pattern.  The path less traveled is an upward opening interval.  We've used the off-road trucks. We've used the submarines.  Space ships are more expensive. Let's use space ships.

     Now, upward mobility is drastically changing with rocket, electronic, and technological advancements. Space will take its place on the lists of top ten travel destinations.  Earth's atmosphere will have rest stops with restrooms.

     "How long will it be until we get there?"

(Quote: unknown author)

     Why did the star decide to take a vacation?

It needed some space. (rd.com)

     Global citizens will be applying for travel credit cards that include frequent "space" travel miles.  At the 63 miles marker, we might see a satellite that reads, "Welcome to space.".

     Why 62 miles/100 kilometers?  The Karma line is the boundary.

     Earth ends and outer space starts at the Kármán line, some 62 miles (100 kilometers) above the planet’s surface.  (astronomy.com)

     "The Kármán line is based on physical reality in the sense that it roughly marks the altitude where traditional aircraft can no longer effectively fly. Anything traveling above the Kármán line needs a propulsion system that doesn’t rely on lift generated by Earth’s atmosphere — the air is simply too thin that high up. In other words, the Kármán line is where the physical laws governing a craft's ability to fly shift. "   (astronomy.com)

     Space economy includes tourism, production, trade and commerce goods and services taking place between Karman line and above.

     "Right now, you see a lot of attention on the launch business,” says Phillip Ingle, a Managing Director in Investment Banking.

     The horizon dawns large launch companies in opposition to  the traditional government providers.  One thing these companies have in common is the economic outlook of their chief executives.  Small launch side companies are focused on launching smaller, lower-cost satellites into orbit.  The global low-cost satellite market revenue is boosted.  The major factors are an increased demand for low-cost satellites, high requirement of small satellites for research missions, and rising investments in developing cheaper and miniature satellite systems.  The currently competitive companies include: Thales Alenia Space, Sierra Nevada Corporation, Planet Labs, Inc., GomSpace, Blue Canyon Technologies, Dauria Aerospace, Spire Global, Inc., AxelSpace Corporation, Swarm Technologies, Inc, GeoOptics, Inc., and others unmentioned.

     Small launch companies are profitable.  There is increasing demand to launch smallsats.  It is estimated that a single satellite launch can range in cost from a low of about $50 million to a high of about $400 million.  The launch business is implanting itself into the the foundation of the space ecosystem.  CubeSat is very common.  It's used in interplanetary missions for space research.  CubeSat enhances communication and data collection. In contrast to larger satellites, these low-cost satellites require cheaper and smaller launching vehicles. In addition, being cost-effective, it is economical to launch these satellites in multiples.  Large satellites are much less cost efficient. These low-cost satellites have low launch risks and faster turnover rate.  They offer a cost-effective method for earth observation through remote sensing.  They deliver high temporal and spatial resolution imageries for monitoring and studying various processes. Some of the observed processes include: vegetation, land cover, oceanography, and inland water. CubeSat also offers in-depth analysis of factors such as water scarcity, poverty, climate change, and urbanization among others. Low-cost satellites such as microsatellites or nanosatellites are also used in military applications such as navigation, military communications, and intelligence gatherings.

     Launch companies are trying to lower the cost of launch.  The purpose is to launch cheaper, easier, and faster.  The ecosystem is satellites to services.  Space marketplace.  The launch companies depend on satellite manufacturers.  The manufacturers rely on services companies.  Services companies box in satellite broadband, low-earth-orbit imaging and weather monitoring.  

This is a positive feedback loop.  (morganstanley.com)

     Production, distribution, trade, and consumption of goods and services are the economy.  That definition will soon include areas in zero gravity.  Outer space will evolve into a social domain.  The new economy will spawn from the first space colonies.  Reaching that point will force business law above the Karma line, and beyond.

Second Messengers in Cell Signaling

     Second messengers (SMs) are intracellular substances that mediate cell activity by relaying signals from an extracellular molecule bound to a cell's surface.  A second messenger can be a neurotransmitter or a hormone.  The second messenger travels from receptor to effector.  (National Center for Biotechnology Information)

     SMs are abundant. SMs are present in low concentrations in a cell at rest.  Once the resting cell is stimulated, SMs are rapidly produced.  SMs are released as fast as they're made. Microseconds.  SMs specifically bind to target proteins.  Cellular signaling spreads downstream.

     SMs four major classes: 

1. Cyclic nucleotides that signal within the cytosol.  cAMP/PKA. cGMP/PKG.  PDE regulated.
2. Lipid messengers that signal within cell membranes.  IP3, and DAG.  PIP3, and AKt signaling.  Sphingolipid controlled apoptosis. Lysolipids, prostaglandins, and other eicosanoids.
3. Ions that signal within and between cells.   Intracellular calcium levels are controlled by an assortment of channels, pumps, transporters, buffers, and effector moieties.  Magnesium.
4. Gasesous free radicals that signal throughout the cell and neighboring cells.

     SMs bind to specific proteins, alter the proteins,  and relay signals.  These are homeostatically controlled mechanisms. (Brittanica)

     Enzymes catalytic activity is modified by the direct binding of the SMs. Amplification takes place simultaneously with the activation of multiple target enzymes by a single second messenger molecule.

     Let's glance at caffeine. (IUPAC)

     Caffeine enhances the action of cAMP by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase.  Phosphodiesterase functions to degrade cAMP.  The enhancement of cAMP activity contributes to the action of caffeine.  Prolonged excitement.

     Second messengers (SMs) are centralized in the ability to respond rapidly to information.

Super Casual Dress Code in the Workplace

     Super casual dress code in the workplace, is also known as business casual.

     Business casual in the workplace is defined as less formal than traditional office clothing but professional enough for an office community. Stir up traditional business style and a more relaxed style.

     "Business attire is the clothing you wear in professional settings. You might decide how to dress depending on the type of office you work in, for an interview or for a meeting. There are varying levels of business attire ranging from “casual” to “business formal.” Based on the setting, you can decide which kind of business attire is appropriate. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of business attire, examples of clothing types and the situations they’re appropriate for."

     "Smart casual is another form of casual business attire with a stylish twist. You might include more trendy pieces of clothing if dressing in smart casual. This type of business attire is appropriate for more flexible offices including informal settings. You might also choose to wear smart casual in an interview for a more informal office. This way, you fit in with their informal dress code while still maintaining a clean, professional look that communicates that you care about your appearance." Indeed.com

     Men buffer the super macho mode.  Women tone the sublime erotica office wear.  Going to work is the special occasion.  Primp properly.  It's okay to show your confidence.

     Super macho- powerful sense of masculinity.

     Sublime erotica- strongly marked purity of arousal.

     Men and women with a taste for fashion completely dig it.  Men and business mix it up with: button-downs, dress pants, and nice shoes.  Women and business turn it up with dresses, button-downs, slacks, and dress shoes.  Mix and match it up.  Make it your own.

     Add in COVID-19 face masks, and you're ready for work.